Tag: Business

Beginners’ Guide to Business Intelligence Solutions

Current Condition of the Business Intelligence Tools Market

The sustained interest in Business Intelligence applications has driven large corporations, offshore software development centers as well as custom software development companies to focus on developing a wide range of Business Intelligence Tools suitable for each and every industry. The use of Business Intelligence tools in key industries from aerospace to iron and steel has also increased in recent years due to the uncertainty in global markets. Currently available tools including the Microsoft Business Intelligence software include numerous paid, freeware as well as open source and proprietary software, which are often customized by a custom software developer to suit the requirements of a specific client. Some of the additional categories of Business Intelligence Tools are discussed here and these constitute only a few of the business intelligence reporting tools commonly utilized by the enterprise.

Data Mining

Data mining combines key elements of statistics and computer science with the objective of identifying patterns in large data sets. Currently implemented data mining methodology includes various elements of database systems, statistics, machine learning and artificial intelligence to deliver actionable intelligence to managers, decision makers and data analysts in an enterprise. Apart from the analysis of the available raw data, additional operations performed by data mining process include online updating, visualization, discovered structure post-processing, complexity considerations, metrics to determine interest as well as data management. Data mining is distinct from information processing or large-scale data analysis as the process is based on “discovery” i.e. the detection of something new. As data mining deals with large data sets, various automated and semi-automated solutions are available to carry out the task. Data mining applications developed by any software development company focuses on performing the following tasks- anomaly detection, association rule learning, clustering, classification, regression as well as summarization. Current business applications include data mining in applications related to customer relationship management, determination of successful employee characteristics using HR department data, identification of customer purchase pattern by the marketing department as well as much more. Leading companies engaged in providing data mining tools for use in business intelligence reporting include Extra-Data Technologies, Clarabridge, Versium Analytics, emanio and Polygraph Media.

Data Warehousing

Data Warehousing in simple terms refers to any database utilized for reporting as well as analyzing enterprise data. The data in an enterprise is usually obtained from all over the organization including the HR, Marketing, Sales, Customer Support, Warehouse, administration departments. In some cases, the raw data may undergo a small degree of pre-processing prior to being used for reporting in a Data Warehouse. A traditional data warehouse (a warehouse operating on the extract-transform-load mechanism), houses the key functions by using separate staging, integration and access layers. The staging area stores all the raw data obtained from various enterprise-wide sources. In the integration layer the raw data stored in the staging area is integrated to transform it into a form suitable for analysis and stored in the data warehouse database. The data stored in the data warehouse database is arranged in hierarchical groups, which are accessible by the user through the access layer. Each data warehouse is often subdivided into data marts, which store subsets of the data integrated in the warehouse. The key objective of a data warehouse is thus to store data in a format suitable for analysis by the user using various techniques including OLAP and data mining.

The earliest data warehouses used by an organization were offline operational data warehouses. In these warehouses, the data was updated periodically (fortnightly, weekly or monthly) from operational systems and stored in a report-oriented format. In the next stage of data warehouse evolution, offline data warehouses came into existence. In offline data warehouses, the data was updated regularly from operational systems and the structure of the stored data was designed to aid the reporting process. The offline data warehouses later evolved into Online Integrated Data Warehouses, which updates the data in the warehouse in real-time by recording every transaction performed on the source data. Further evolution of data warehouses has resulted in the creation of the integrated data warehouse, which compiles the data obtained from the various departments of the enterprise to provide users with real-time access to actionable intelligence from all over the organization. Leading data warehousing solutions companies include Accenture, IBM, Igate and Infobright.

Decision Engineering

Decision Engineering is defined as a framework, which unifies various leading practices in the field of enterprise decision-making to improve the overall decision-making procedure by providing a structured approach. The decision engineering process is designed to overcome problems resulting from a “complexity ceiling” of the decision-making process. This “complexity ceiling” usually results from a mismatch between the complexity of a particular situation and the sophistication of the decision-making procedure being implemented. Decision engineering acts as a framework for providing advanced analytic techniques to a non-enterprise user while simultaneously integrating machine learning and inductive reasoning techniques to streamline the organizational decision-making procedure. The use of Decision Engineering as a business intelligence tool by enterprises is still in its infancy and further development would be required before decision engineering develops into a viable business intelligence reporting tool.

Reporting and Querying Software

Reporting and querying software are designed to provide users with access to the data stored on enterprise databases subsequent to submission of user-queries. Such tools are designed to provide a logical format to the available data sets to support enterprise-wide data accessibility as well as speed-up the organizational decision-support process. Currently, various open source business intelligence tools as well as commercial business intelligence reporting software are developed by software development companies all over the world. Some of the leading reporting and querying tools are mPower, Zoho Reports, Cognos BI, GNU Enterprise and JasperReports. Many offshore software development companies in India also provide customized versions of reporting and querying software to streamline the overall enterprise-wide decision making process.

Spreadsheets

A spreadsheet is defined as an interactive computer program, which allows the analysis of available information by use of a tabular format, which originated from the use of paper-based accounting spreadsheets. On a spreadsheet, users can modify the values in each cell of the spreadsheet and are now used widely by the financial sector as a replacement of paper-based accounting methods. The digital spreadsheets allow users to automatically calculate values after making modifications to the available data as and when necessary. Apart from the standard arithmetic calculation support, currently available spreadsheets also features support for a wide range of statistical and financial operations built into this commonly used business intelligence tool. Spreadsheets are probably the most widely used and easily available among a wide range of proprietary and open source business intelligence tools. The first spreadsheet introduced for a micro computer was Visicalc, which was overtaken by Lotus 1-2-3 at a later date. Currently Microsoft Excel, available as part of the Microsoft Office Package, is the leading spreadsheet solution utilized by enterprises all over the world.

Benefits of Having a Website for Your Small Business

For a small business owner it is vital to have your own website up and running to provide the most successful opportunities possible for your business. In the face of social media it is important to make sure your small business is competitive with other businesses and takes the first step in getting your business name spread around with a website and connect it to various types of social pages. There are many benefits to having a website aside from just getting your name out there. These reasons include some of the following:

Be Visible

As more and more people turn to the internet for resources and research, your business name needs to be pop up when possible customers inquire about a similar or direct business type. A website makes your business name more commonly known.

Advertising

A website allows you to advertise your business including what you do and what is sold or the type of services you provide. This allows the customer to search through your pages to determine if they are interested or not. Therefore, you must make sure that your website is user-friendly and presents itself without the need of much explanation. You also need a website that will rank highly on search engines. This can be done with the use of SEO content in a blog or article section added to your website.

Connection to your customers

Having a website will allow you to connect better with your customers and draw in more customers. If you allow a page where orders can be made for products you are selling or for the customer to set up an appointment or reserve a date and time for your services then you will allow the website to do a lot of work for you. It will save you and the customer time and energy by allowing the two parties to connect without having to talk with each other directly immediately. People tend to like to save time in communicating via email or text these days, allowing a faster connection.

Make your website cell phone friendly

You will need to make sure that your website can be pulled up on all brands of cell phones. As more and more people turn to their cell phones for information, you will enable your small business to reach more people with your website as they can bring it up on their cell phones.

All of these reasons will benefit your small business with greater success when you value how important a website is in getting the word there. Consider all of the above benefits to having your own website to help make your small business successful.

Get all the information about how to get your own business website and brand exposure online from E-commerce website with help of website development company from India through internet marketing for websites at Bloom blog by LotusMedia.

Why Business Entrepreneurs Prefer to Lease Vans on a Short-Term Basis

The recent studies have proved that most of the business entrepreneurs are opting for van leasing nowadays. As such, it’s quite evident that the driving force behind the increasing flow of revenue from van leasing is the businessmen who are either not in a position to spend huge chunk of cash in buying vans or is not willing to invest their money in it. The coming up of many vehicle leasing companies have proved to be a boon for them. When they are opting for it, they are getting the opportunity to lease the van of their choice even on a short-term basis.

Leasing the vans for a short-term is one of the greatest advantages that a person can avail by turning his head towards this option. When they are taking the vans for a short-period, they are getting the opportunity to change it after the expiry of the contract period. Many a times, it happens that the businessman who is not sure which van to pick takes a wrong decision and lease one that is not efficient enough to perform the activities properly. As a result, he gets irritated with the performance of the van and wants to change it soon. To avoid such a situation, it is recommended to lease the vans for a short-term and before you make the choice, you should know its features so that you won’t have to regret your decision.

When the businessmen opt for leasing vans, they want to get a van which is spacious enough to haul the heavy goods to long distances. Additionally, it must be robust too so that it won’t easily get damaged due to the constant use. As the business entrepreneurs need to lease a fleet of vans, they prefer to take them on a short-term basis. Though the leasing company provide the maintenance service of the leased van, yet maintaining a number of vans may prove tough even to the leasing companies. But, when you are taking the van for a short-term, there is very less chance of getting the van damaged. Apart from it, as you have taken the van for a short-period, you will get the opportunity to try another model of vehicle after the expiry of the contract.

The financial situation of most of the businesses is not sound initially. Hence, the business owner has to struggle a lot to make it successful. He may require to invest more money in it. Consequently, he may not be ready to spend money in buying vans though he knows very well that without it, the job couldn’t be performed. In such a situation, they inclined towards leasing to save their hard-earned money. The money they have, thus saved, can be used for other commercial purposes.

The Benefits of an Online Business: Beyond Your Wildest Dreams

The benefits of an online business are beyond our wildest dreams! Just two decades have past since the Internet was made available to the general public. To give you an idea of what that means, consider this: There are students in colleges and universities right now whose parents had no Web. Today, most of us can’t imagine what it would be like if we couldn’t go online when we wanted to. There would be no surfing, no chat, and no texting.

Of course, that’s all changed. Now there are nearly 400 million websites, and the web is growing so fast that a new system has been introduced so that the ‘Net will have enough new addresses to meet the demand.

All this is to say that if you haven’t started an online business yet, now is the time.

There are three primary benefits if you do.

1. You don’t have to worry about shipping physical products.

You can do this if you want, and there are plenty who do; but if you would rather avoid the hassle of managing dozens or even hundreds of products, then you can.

There are a lot of people, just like you, who would like to learn more about how to improve their lives. The fact that you’re reading this article is proof that you have the ability to do that.

2. The market is bigger than your city, state, province, or country.

Your market is as big as you want it to be. It’s not limited to the geography that an offline business has. That’s because there are people all over the world who want the kind of help that only you can give them.

If there is a restriction, then it has more to do with your mother tongue than anything else. However, if you’re comfortable with English, then the sky is literally as far as you can go. That’s because it’s the language of business, and as a result more and more people are learning it.

3. It costs next to nothing to get new customers.

When of the most under-appreciated aspects of the Web is just how cheap it is to market your products. There’s no need to advertise in newspapers or magazines.

If you can write articles, make posts on a blog, or chat on Facebook, then you have all the skill you need to tell others how you can help them.

Are You Losing Business by Only Accepting Cash and Checks?

Many mobile business owners and professionals struggle with payment options. While on the road, moving from one job site (or client) to the next, it can be difficult to keep things organized. Most small business owners have the luxury of a storefront, cash register, and credit card processing terminal. For them, there’s no guesswork or potential “run-around” involved – either the card has funds, or it doesn’t.

Mobile business owners, such as landscapers, trades people, merchants at craft fairs, and others simply do not have these luxuries. Most are limited to accepting cash or check; the latter with no guarantee that there are funds in the account. It can be difficult for them to find a payment method that is convenient for both them and their customer, especially for big-ticket items. Unfortunately, this may often mean that the sale goes instead to the brick and mortar merchant, simply because they accept credit cards and/or provide a financing option that doesn’t involve some sort of collection arrangement.

(In other words, the credit card company acts as the “creditor” for them, in a sense, and gives the customer a self-directed financing plan on their own terms.)

Are you losing sales because you don’t or can’t accept credit cards? This is a problem shared by many mobile business owners. Imagine the sales you might have had at your last trade show or job fair, if payment of a large sum had been easier and more convenient for your customer.

Customers are carrying less and less cash around. We are quickly becoming a plastic consumer society and few people like to bother any longer with the hassle of cash or check books. They prefer the ease and convenience of their credit or debit cards. Are you losing valuable sales because you don’t accept this most convenient method of payment?

Many business owners also prefer credit cards. They offer the advantage instant approval. There is no waiting for days for a check to clear and money to be deposited in your account. Credit cards provide 24-hour payment in a 24-hour world. Payments can be processed quickly, on demand.

What if there was a way for you to accept credit cards from your mobile office or job site? This would enable you to build your business from anywhere, any time. Why should brick and mortar businesses get all the customers?

What would this do for your business? Your business could potentially grow by leaps and bounds – and you’d be making life a lot easier for both your customers, and yourself.

Here’s the good news – you do, in fact, have options. Here are two solutions you should consider:

1. Use a Wireless Credit Card Terminal.

If your typical business day consists of a large number of smaller sized transactions (for example, a pizza delivery business with an average of 40 sales under $30 a day), then you should seriously consider getting a wireless credit card processing machine.

Your monthly fees for the merchant account (and equipment, if leasing) will be average, as will the discount rate per sale, but the convenience factor in addition to the potential increase in sales from customers who don’t necessarily have cash on hand will likely more than make up for the monthly fees, and then some.

2. Accept Credit Cards by Phone

Now, if you run a business where you’re only closing on a few sales a day, but at a higher ticket ($x00 – $x,000), then you’ll want to minimize your merchant account costs because your credit card transactions will be more of an occasional occurrence – even though it will certainly impact your business in regards to convenience, efficiency and potentially even sales.

For example, if you own a landscape business where the average transaction is $600, you’ll find that quite a few clients will want to take advantage of either their card’s built-in rewards points (like “air miles”), the flexible financing – or in most cases, both of these added benefits combined.

The benefit for you is that credit doesn’t “bounce” and in most cases, you’ll have access to the funds much faster than with a check.

Now, here’s the best part – you can accept credit card payments on the spot from any touch-tone phone, including your cellular.

Also, the leading “pay by phone” services available have very low monthly fees and operate in more of a “pay as you go” fashion.

This is the perfect solution for a mobile business – or professional – where occasional credit card transactions are necessary (and profitable), but don’t quite warrant the hassle of using a traditional terminal.

Some services cost as little as a few bucks a month at about 4% per sale.

So there you have it – two very viable options for mobile business types that would otherwise have to remain stuck in the “dark ages” of cash and check payments.

Do your due-diligence to see what service might be best for you and your customers.

Fashion Wholesale Clothes – Tips to Starting Wholesale Business With Fashionable Clothes

Everyone wants to maintain up the newest trends nowadays but costs for clothes are growing especially in the designer market. Buying fashionable wholesale garments is a great way to maintain up with the trend but not spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on the particulars you really want. Whether its purses, the current jeans, dresses, scarfs or hats you can bet that you could get it wholesale much cheaper than you would purchase at retail price. If you are planning to put up your own clothing retail shop with the latest fashion clothing designs, then you must make a lot of research first before you go into it. Study everything that you have to know about this business so you’ll not end up selling clothes with inferior quality to your customer.

The internet is now the advisable site in the world to get all the greatest bargains and buying wholesale fashion clothes is no different. There are practically hundreds of web sites you can go to get these deals. Of course the good thing about buying wholesale is the more you buy the less expensive you may have the items. If you and your associates all wanted the latest fendi or Gucci bag you may all purchase it together in wholesale and save lots of cash. Even if you were just having ten percent off of the terms you may still be keeping a great deal for the higher priced designer particulars.

Other special reason is that if the middleman is overstocked for particular products you will get even more cash off the terms as they cut it to deal with more and they know that this can rouse sales. Going to the enterprises in this game can sometimes be beneficial because generally the more stock a business is trading the more decrease in terms the trade can make. So it is really a great idea to go with the super middlemen to get that extra terms decrease for wholesale trend dresses.

Basically if you’re operating business then wholesale garments is the single means for you to go. If you’re purchasing hundreds of particulars you may bet you will be saving big time on the total rate. Getting wholesale merchant is now very easy since the dawn of the web. Just search for a wholesale web site, select the wholesale trend clothes you want and then they will all be delivered to your warehouse. And speaking of choice, what you may have nowadays is fabulous.

Every pick of fashionable wholesale garments for sale on the web will also be in stock through wholesale.

Home Based Money-Making Opportunities in Review – My Internet Business

Today as you search the term “online business,” you are flooded with a myriad of business opportunities that all claim to make you earn thousands of dollars in no time. Some of these opportunities will make you do some work, while most of them will make you write, invest some money, and most of all, sell.

But how effective is selling products via an online networking company? Let’s see what one company has to offer.

Let’s review My Internet Business (MIB).

MIB is a relatively new business that was established back in December 2007 by Darren Gaudry. This online networking company aims to produce more wealth by teaching and motivating people to unleash their entrepreneurial skills and become more business-minded, because we all know that nobody can get rich when he or she remains to rely on being an employee.

MIB’s main goal is to create more businessmen in the different parts of the world by means of teaching them some trade secrets practiced by successful businessmen. If you are to join the network, you will be given lessons in marketing and promotion, advertising, labeling, as well as different online marketing techniques and building self confidence for business purposes. Definitely you will learn a lot, and it is expected that you will be able to use the lessons you learned after you finish reading, listening and absorbing what were in the package materials.

How do you earn from MIB? Simple-just tag your friends to sign up and become members of the network.

Like other companies in the same field, MIB wants to expand its network base, thus it needs more and more members. Every recruit you convince to join the group and purchase a package would earn you $37, and this can actually lead you to riches if you are just diligent. There are no pass-up sales or tests if you can be a vital part of the company. You just have to be you. According to their goals, you can reach up to $10000 even while just at home.

But is MIB a reliable source of income? Since it is still young in the biz, the company is still unheard in the virtual world, unless you give the business the utmost marketing plans it deserves. Well, based on reviews and other reports, it will take time before one becomes a member of the program, as the internet is full of fake people who are capable of robbing you of your identity. MIB apparently reviews their members’ profile thoroughly it will be sometime before they tell you whether you are a member of not.

Their products are not really defined right away, which makes it a bit confusing because you wouldn’t know exactly what to sell until you join the group. So, if you want a more definite product to sell when it to smarter buyers, then you should check out other network businesses to see if they have more reasonable products and techniques needed in your sport.

Make Your Business GST Compliant With ERP

GST is till date the biggest tax reform known that brought a uniform taxation system with many positive implications for the industries and trade. Ever since GST regulations came in the scene, many businesses, manufacturers, and traders are in confusion regarding the calculations of new taxes. They are facing several transitional issues in acknowledging such a modified and encompassing tax system even though it is far better than the earlier fragmented dicey tax system. However, ERP is providing them with the facility to comply with GST and embrace the changes wholeheartedly. ERP of renowned platforms like Oracle, SAP, Odoo is helping companies to administer and adopt GST system, including taxes computation, configuration, liability accounting, master data amendments, reporting, and so forth.

Read on below to know how ERP systems roll out a complete solution for businesses and services firms to comply with GST rules and undergo tax calculations.

Chart of Accounts

Businesses earlier used to have a separate accounting code for computing VAT (Value Added Taxes) and ST (Services tax) in all goods and services transactions respectively. But, now those codes get combined with GST in the ERP’s tax module. After the new regulations, the tax module of ERP carries forward the closing balance of the tax credit from the current to the new account codes.

Audit

ERP’s tax module will help firms to calculate their tax returns on the sales and purchases data. It then audits the amount before filing the GST returns. This saves up enormous time of the company’s accountants and helps them immensely when the daily transactions of goods or services are huge.

Error-free Tax Returns filing

Besides supporting all forms of GST transactions, ERP’s tax engine help in easy identification and correction of all errors for the painless filing of tax returns. Further, it assists companies in exporting of tax returns statement to MS Excel system to upload or later share with their Chartered Accountant, or tax practitioner.

Data Archiving & Protection

Businesses can save, archive and safekeep their tax data for a number of years at one place in an organised way. So, they can later access it any time if needed. Being able to access from a cloud source point, tax accountants can work real-time without needing any manual data.

GST billing

ERP is providing the facility to master all information about GST regulations in a separate GST module. It enables the businesses or taxpayers to comply with GST while issuing invoices for transactions. It configures the format for GST compliant invoices as per the business, auto-calculates the GST returns from every sale or purchase invoice and reconciles them.

All said and done, getting an ERP system GST ready is challenging job for the companies. Their existing system needs major revamping and they must know which of the modules will affect and which will correlate to new tax rules.

While smooth transitioning to a GST compliant ERP is still a costly affair, especially for SMEs, several ERP companies are launching reasonably priced GST-enabled ERP software to ease their process of GST return filing. With it, instead of filing all the returns manually, they need to just put in all sales and purchase invoices details and the GST returns gets computed automatically.

Crude Oil Business – How to Profile Buyers

If you would have to close a deal in the Oil and Gas business, then you must strive to apply a professional approach. As a seller, having a commodity without having anybody to buy is regarded as a waste. The essence of business is buying, selling and making profits. There are so many people out there trying to broker a deal in this industry selling crude oil but they are face with myriad of problems. The reason owing to the fact that the buyer/seller mandate or facilitators are not doing things the way they ought to be done. Most times, the actual sellers already have their buyers and most buyers also have their sellers; these buyers could seek for products else where when there is a great need for the crude oil product and their supplier cannot supply the required quantity. The people who do the scouting for either buyer/seller of crude oil product are mostly the mandates and facilitators. Most times the business becomes frustrating for them because they do not go about it the right way.

In order for a seller agent to find a suitable buyer, I would advice for him to do a little profiling. If you stand as a seller agent and looking for a genuine buyer, you should go through directories of refineries. Most of these directories list phone numbers, contact address and in some cases email addresses. If you have a strong relationship with the seller, you can request for a letter of mandate ship from him. I suggest this for professionalism sake; it gives the buyer more comfort working with you. Now that you have obtained this, you can take the following steps:

Place a phone call to the refinery/buyer: This first step is imperative because most people would prefer a phone communication so they can really feel who they are relating with. Your sole aim of making this call is to introduce yourself and your company (you should have a company name), tell the buyer what you have to offer and how you intend to deliver, the time it would take to deliver. If the buyer indicates interest, you can now request for his email address if you don’t have it.

Do an email to the buyer: After having made the phone call, you can now send an email to him with your working procedure together with you letter of mandate ship and company details. The mail should reference the call that was placed to him and the exact time and date. You can also re-introduce yourself one more time. If after going through the procedure and he is comfortable with it, you can now proceed with the other part of the deal as indicated in the procedure.

Alternatively, you can also write to companies buying crude oil. The letter should be an introduction letter written with your company letter headed paper. If you are the mandate, you can also include your letter of mandate ship and your procedure. Please make sure that this letter is packaged in a professional manner with your contact details included in it. You can send to as many companies as you can and wait to get your response. If you don’t get a response within a period of time, you can call in to ask if they got your letter and if they are interested in doing business with you.

Professionalism should be the keyword in crude oil business; if you achieve this then be sure to expect a positive response after your profiling.

To your success.

Learn to Trade Forex – It Can Be a Foundation For Your Home Business

If you learn to trade forex, the profits can be very lucrative. These profits can be used to realize your dreams in other areas; such as starting your very own home based business; whether online or offline.

We’ll discuss what forex trading is, some of its advantages and also some of the things you would want to keep at the forefront of your mind should you ever enter the trading ring.

Learn What Forex Trading Is?

Forex simply means foreign exchange. Every country has its own specific monetary currency. Forex is the trading of the various world currencies.

Each countrys currency has its own value. Numerous conditions, internal and external, cause the value of each countrys currency to fluctuate. For instance, favorable conditions may cause one countrys currency to rise and another’s to fall.

Forex trading has to do with those fluctuations. The currencies are traded against each other and profits are made.

Advantages of Forex Trading

One great advantage is that this market is open from Monday to Friday, 24 hours a day. You can wade into the market at three in the morning if you so desire. This is a huge advantage for some. In the still of the night or early morning, when the children are fast asleep, for many, this is the best time for deep concentration. This has to be a powerful advantage.

Trading approximately 4 trillion dollars every single day, forex boasts the biggest marketplace in the world. Yes, even bigger than the stock market.

The Entry Bar Is Set Low

Another big advantage is that you can start trading with less than $250; sounds unbelievable doesn’t it? But it’s true. The best way to trade is to use small amounts initially. Then work your way up to larger amounts as you get better at trading.

Be Aware!

There are many problems that can trip you up in the trading arena. The biggest is getting too greedy. Guard against that. Don’t allow yourself to be swept away by greed. You’ll surely lose your money if you do. Never go beyond your self-imposed limits. If you find yourself using money assigned to other areas, you need to take stock. Check yourself.

When you learn to trade forex, remember, it has been known to drive emotions. You must be aware and fight against this. It is a sure recipe for financial loss, maybe even disaster. Never allow yourself to become engulfed in emotional trading. Train yourself to make trading decisions based on logic. Always use well thought out strategies.

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